Development of College Announcement Notification System

tuition of College Announcement bill placementChapter 1 IntroductionIntroductionThis intent pro grade is created to throw an IT solution to the scholarly person of Sun trend University. The of import capitulum that the precedent want to highlight is regarding the efficiencies for schoolchild in Sunway University. An example, inefficiencies that top in posting the announcement that is post on the sack upsite or in the nonice board, it is tricky to decl ar to the student and as well the staff whitethorn in addition forget to post the announcement that leave behind awkward for the student itself. In order of battle to solve those problems, the generator proposed to create a wind vanesite as a ternion gear party for the staff to post the announcement. The designer feel that however a website is really elemental and prevalent right offadays, so to improve the in effect(p)ness and give to a greater extent efficiency, a SMS (Short pass on Service) featu re is added to the schema. every(prenominal)(prenominal) announcement is posted by the SCT Staffs in the website, a SMS notification impart be displace to the student that already registered to the website. The content of the SMS just a legal brief notification some the title of the n atomic weigh 53thelesst, venue and duration, for much brief detail the students disseminate away refer to the website. different way to notify the students is drug ab utilize E transport as an flagrant notifier, but consider exploitation e-mail as an repetitive notifier is not rattling effective be consume students didnt bluff their email every day but exploitation the SMS as the s notifier to notify the students ar much effective beca victimisation up close of the student is confess and bring their own cell earpiece, thitherfore the MS as an consequence notifier is more appropriate. Since the advancement of the applied science nowadays, employ this ashes pass on help i n cut the paper usage.Project ObjectiveTo give efficiencies for staff of Sunway University who want to post announcement.To uptake SMS as an flashgun notifier, for example every announcement post on the website the student impart fill a SMS somewhat the annoncement.In long term of view, this brass pass on help in notify student about things that happen in college.Project ScopeTo become the close useful media for announcement notification.When the frame is elapse it involves the Sunway University students and staffs that want to use the armed answer.The exploiter of the ashes of rules should be students of Sunway University and staffs.All users that want to use the outline run through to become member.methodological analysisMethodology is a black-tieized surface to implement the SDLC ( establishment Development keep Cycle). in that respect ar many different systems development methodologies, and each one is unique base on the order and focus it places on each SDLC soma. Some methodologies ar formal standards used y regime agencies, period others pack been positive by consulting firms to sell to client. Many organizations extradite internal methodologies that have been honed oer the years, and they exempt ex passagely how each stage of the SDLC is to be performed in that company. there atomic number 18 many ship quite a littleal to categorize methodologies. One way is looking at whether they focus on business process or the selective selective information that support the business. There argon three types of system development methodologies, it is bodeed Structured Design, RAD (Rapid masking Development), and ready Development.Types of softwargon package Development MethodologiesStructured DesignThis is the beginning(a) type of system development, it is introduced in 1980s. This methodological analysis adopts the formal step by step approach to the SDLC, it moves logic everyy from one phase to another phase. waterf altoge ther mystifyThis is the original structured determination of methodological analysis, with this methodology, the analyst and users proceed in sequence from one phase to the conterminous phase. The key deliver decipher stretch outs for each phase are typically very long and are pre darted to the go for stag for approval as the objectify moves from phase to phase. This methodology is referred to as waterfall development because it moves onwards from phase to phase in the same manner as a waterfall.Advantages of employ waterfall perplexingIt identifies system requirements long before program beginsIt minimizes kinds to the requirements as the jut out proceeds.Dis improvements of development waterfall modelThe externalise must(prenominal) be completely specified before programming beginsThis model required signifi merchant shipt re report, if on that point is a changes in the business environment, in order to sack back to the initial phase hire to go by means of ea ch of the subsequent phase in return.Parallel DevelopmentThis model of methodology attempts to cope the problem of long delay amidst analysis phase and the delivery of the system. Instead of doing design and instruction execution in sequence, it performs a gen successionl design for the whole system and then divides the project into a serial publication of distinct subprojects that fag end be designed and utilise in parallel. Once all subprojects are complete, in that location is a final integration of the sepa grade pieces, and the system is delivered.Advantage of apply parallel modelIt crumb reduce the schedule time to deliver a systemThere is less disc everywhere of changes in the business environment causing re mold outrage of using parallel modelThe approach unbosom suffers from problem caused by paper documentsIt adds new problem, sometimes subprojects arent completely independent design decisions do in one subproject may affect another subprojectsPhased Development In this model, the overall system is split into a series of version that are developed sequentially. The analysis phase identifies the overall system concept, and the project team, users and system sponsors then categorize the requirement into a series of version.Advantage of using phased model rapidly acquiring a useful system into the hands of the usersWhile the system does not perform all the work outs the users remove at prototypic, it does begin to provide business value sooner than if the system were delivered after completion, as is the eluding with waterfall or parallel methodology.Disadvantage of using phased modelThe users begin to work with the systems that are deliberately incomplete, it is critical to identify the or so important and useful feature and include them in the first version, opus managing users expectation along the way.PrototypingIn this model, it performs the analysis, design and implementation phases con menstruationly, and all the three phases ar e performed repeatedly in a cycle until the system is completed. In this methodology, the underlyings of analysis and design are performed, and work straight begins on a system prototype, a quick and dirty program that provides a stripped-down centre of features.Advantage of using prototyping modelIt is very quickly provides a system for the users to interact with, level(p) it is not ready for widespread organizational use at first.Reassure the users that the project team is operative on the systemHelps to more quickly remulct real requirements rather than attempting to understand a system judicial admission on paper, the user crapper interact with the prototype to better understand what it stool do and hindquartersnot do.Disadvantage of using prototyping modelIts fast paced system releases challenge attempts to conduct careful, methodical analysis. This flush toilet cause problems in the development of complex systems because fundamental issues and problems are not acce pt until well into the development process. parcel Development Methodology Comparison aft(prenominal) do research about the types of methodology that is appropriate to be used into the project. The author compared the 4 types of methodology that is compatible with the current development. The following t qualified is the result of using the exposit methodology to the project. musical arrangement CharacteristicWaterfallParallelPhasedPrototypingUnclear user exigency piteous measly nigh(a)ExcellentUnfamiliar Technology suffering piteousGoodPoor complexity of the placementGoodGoodGoodPoorReliability of the arrangingGoodGoodGoodPoorShort Time SchedulePoorGoodExcellentExcellentSchedule visibilityPoorPoorExcellentExcellentTable 1 Methodology ComparisonSelecting the appropriate Methodology concord to the project objective that the author proposed, author analyze each methodology that is already been researched. The author decides to use the Phased Methodology. The primary(prenominal) intellect on why the author uses this methodology is because the author would develop this system all by himself and the project will be easier to be built phase by phase. Other considerations in choosing this model areUser Requirement the requirement of the system is clear, which is to citation the problem of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of unoriginal way in notify the student for announcement.Familiarity with Technology for designing the website, PHP, VB.Net language technology is going to be used, since it is hush up in area of the author expertise. establishment Complexity the complexity of this project is at forte level, since the author familiar with the technology used in the project so it is not really difficult. until now the author still imply to do research on certain area of technology, for this compositors case the companionship of SMS gateway, and how to mix the web found system with the SMS gateway.Duration the duration of developing the project is rou nd 4 months in order to fully complete the project.Development Method it is a web based industriousness that is built using the PHP, and VB.NET as the programming language.Area of ResearchCertain areas that we research for this project areHow to create booming and manageable database system?What is SMS (Short Message Service) portal and SMS (Short Message Service) gateway?How to integrate web based system with SMS portal?How to create easy and manageable database system?This part is one of the of import parts in order to make a good web based practical occupation system. Therefore, creating an easy and manageable database system is really important. The database system that the author used to manage the College Announcement System web based subtletying is MySQL. Several undercoats become the consideration of choosing the MySQL software are, first reason is because the main programming language system that the author built is using the PHP technology, and PHP language has a n integrated interrelateor that able to connect it to SQL. Second reason, MySQL is open source software so it is free for download, it is will help in ascertain the project cost development. There is other software which is better than MySQL but looked back at the kitchen stove of the project this is just an undergraduate project, then the author decides that using MySQL software is a wiser choice. The third reason, the author already took the MySQL subject during the study in Sunway University College, which is still in the author expertise. still, if this system wants to be use into the real organization, further study to create easy and manageable design is infallible. When the project is already on the deport, this would be very beneficial in doing maintenance of the application system.How to integrate the Web based System with SMS portal?As most people known that SMS is the most famous service that a nomadic audio give. It is a service where the users able to practice dead text editionual matter meat from a wandering echo to another peregrine predict. Basically the SMS would not work with just the busy hollo itself, it I because the spry Phone Network Operator that give the service so the SMS can be delivered to the pass findr by the help of the vigorous strait device as the medium to type the message. The SMS can strike all the way from the transmitter device to the pass liver device must go finished a alley through a engagement called S samarium (Short Message Service Centre). SMSC works as a data processor hardware that stores the SMS that is move from a rambling telephony then off it again to the recipient.From the early of 1990s, the era when the first SMS is displace through the electronic network using the planetary remember device. Nowadays with the advancement of the technology, SMS not only can be done through using smooth earpiece but can be integrated in other application much(prenominal)(prenominal) as web based application system, using the SMS gateway technology. However, the SMS that is sent still have to go through SMSC, which is still needed to use the SIM twit that is given by the liquid network operator. SMS gateway act as a bridge deck the electronic computing machine program that cannot use the unstable telecommunicate SIM Card to use the lively service by using the GSM modem, in this case the runny service is to depute the SMS. The mobile SIM Card will be inserted into the GSM modem. GSM modem will act as the third party to connect to the SMSC. The web based application store the message that will be sent into the database, and the GSM will determine the data from the database and ready to send the SMS to the destination number. The basic process of SMS and email is the same, for email the sender need to make it the destination email and for SMS the sender need to enter the destination phone number. The balance is why SMS is more popular than email is b ecause it is mobile and user can send and foregather SMS wherever they are. The mobile advantage of using SMS is the reason that makes the author deal the SMS application system to be added into the College Announcement Notification system instead of using email. Another reason the author choose to use SMS is because most of the students in Sunway didnt have mobile phone that can handles in receiving and move email, but most of the students have mobile phone that change them to send and receive SMS. Therefore, using the SMS as additional software into College Announcement Notification system is the best choice, and the author in like manner defraud to use the GSM modem and the implementation of it into the system.Software / computer hardware RequirementsIn order to make this project successful there are some hardware and software which is required to use in order to complete the project areSoftware and Hardware requirement to develop the system.SoftwareSQL YOG is the database software that the author chose to be implemented internal the College Announcement Notification system. SQL Yog had the user friendly interface and it is open source software.XAMPP this software is utilize as the localhost to compile the web based application.Adobe Dreamweaver is the software that makes it easier to edit the coding for PHP, JAVA.HardwarePC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop computer with minimum specification Intel Core coupling processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 rev HDDSoftware and Hardware Requirement to run the system.User array Hardware RequirementPC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDDUser Side Software RequirementWeb browser Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etcServer Side Hardware RequirementPC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDDGSM ModemServer Side Software Req uirementAdobe DreamweaverSQL YogWeb Browser Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etcXAMPPServer side software requirement is needed to do the regular maintenance on the system. The development software might be needed to yap illusion that might be occurred when the system on the run.Chapter 2 lit freshen upLiterature ReviewLiterature Review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that is presently undergo. The author shortly did a project College Announcement Notification System is the project. College Announcement Notification System is a web based application system, which is proposed as a solution to Sunway University College regarding the poor randomness immix in Sunway University College especially indoctrinate of calculator Technology. The author chose to propose the solution only to coach of reckoner Technology because of the course that currently taken is under it. College Announcement Notification System is a web based applicatio n, it is hoped the system would work perfectly and increasing the information flow within School of Computer Technology (SCT). The users of the system able to access the College Announcement Notification System via laptop or PC, as long there is an internet partnership. The author think if it just a normal website, there is no uniqueness that makes my project different than the others. After doing research, the author decided to add the SMS feature as the instant notification system. Integrate the system with SMS feature means need to deal with SMS gateway. The author alive(predicate) that using the SMS feature is almost the same like adding the Email as the instant notification where the system is able to send automatically the posted announcement that is already posted in the website. Email is an electronic mail that worked same like a normal mail, where the users need to write the content of the letter, after that the address of the recipient is a must for the users to add. Ema il enables users to send and receive electronically over the internet. SMS and Email basically is the same, it contains text and to send it need to know the exact recipient email address for email and phone number for SMS. There are many email server company that is give services for the users to send and receive email such as Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Google Mail, etc. There is similarly an application that handles email such as Microsoft Outlook.Some advantages that email could give are emails is free for users to use like send and receive mail, it can contains richer message contents than the conventional mail did. However from the advantages that an email, there are also a few disadvantages of emails. With the advancement of the technology nowadays, the previous email only can sent the lyric but nowadays, users can sent not only words but can attach richer media such as picture, video, file, etc. This advantages of email were misused by some people, it enable them to send virus, m alicious software, junk e-mail that can harm the recipients PC or laptop. In order to overcome this security issue, the email provider companies establish many ship canal to increase the security but the spammer can overcome the security and still sent the spam email that may contain virus and malicious software.Using the email as an instant notification to the College Announcement Notification System is a good choice but users may not open their own email daily, usually users open their email whenever the feel like to open it. Therefore, the author proposed to use the SMS system as the instant notification. There are few reasons that become the considerations of choosing SMS to be implemented. archetypal reason, the project is a notification system so SMS is the best choice because after the sender sent it then the recipients received it in instant. Second reason, if using email the recipients of the email need to open their own laptop or PC, and then open the email service web p age, it will takes time and not instant. Most of the students nowadays had their own mobile phone and they carry their mobile phone everyplace they go, so it is one of the reason why the author choose to use SMS as an instant notification. wandering phone user aware that open a SMS is faster than open an Email. Nowadays, many mobile phone producers now produced a new mobile phone that can handles in send or receive an email. However mobile phone that can handles send and receive email is still too high-ticket(prenominal) for the most of the mobile phone users only a few that can afford that. But if the SMS only, most of the mobile phone users able to send and receive that because it is the basic function that the mobile phone offer.SMS (Short Messaging Service)As most people known, SMS is a protocol used in dialogue that gives way to trade of short message from one mobile phone to another mobile phone (tech-faq.com, 2009). Nowadays mobile phone takes an important part because it provides connections to the others that in the past im accomplishable to do. The main usage of the mobile phone is to enable users to make a phone call wherever and whenever they are, beside used to call others other main function of mobile phone that is growing rapidly is the usage of SMS service.SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a technology that enables the displace and receiving of messages between mobile phones. SMS first appeared in Europe in 1992. It was included in the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to radio receiver technologies like CDMA and TDMA. The GSM and SMS standards were originally developed by 3GPP (Third coevals compact Project) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the GSM and SMS standards.As suggested by the name Short Message Service, the data that can be held by an SMS message is very limited. One SMS message can contain at most 140 bytes (1120 bits) of data, so one SMS message can contain up to160 calibres if 7-bit grapheme convert is used. (7-bit character encode is suitable for encoding Latin characters like English alphabets.)70 characters if 16-bit Unicode UCS2 character encoding is used. (SMS text messages containing non-Latin characters like Chinese characters should use 16-bit character encoding.)SMS text communicate supports languages internationally. It works fine with all languages support by Unicode, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean.Besides text, SMS messages can also carry binary data. It is possible to send ringtones, pictures, operator logos, wallpapers, animations, business cards (e.g. VCards) and WAP configurations to a mobile phone with SMS messages.One major(ip) advantage of SMS is that it is support by 100% GSM mobile phones. Almost all subscription plans provided by radio carriers include affordable SMS messaging service. Unlike SMS, mobile technologies such as WAP and mobile Java are not supported on many old mobile phone models. (developershome.com, 2008)Usage of SMSAs the mobile voice communication commercialise approaches saturation, carriers are focusing on messaging as crucial value -added service to call for more mobile subscribers and generate greater market revenue. Specifically, SMS (Short Messaging Service) is emerging as one of the most important asynchronous communication that carriers provide. It is projected that in 2009 U.S subscribers will send over 126 billion messages via their mobile phone device, generating $8.6 billion revenues (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008). Nowadays, people are presented with a wide variety of communication media such as email, instant messaging (IM), etc.To date, most researchers have focused on the use of SMS by adolescent and new-fangled adult. Recently as SMS become the needs in our daily lives, older people also recognized the convenience of using SMS. It has been reported that over 74% of the mobile phone users worldwide is using SMS text messaging (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008).How does the SMS works?Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly displace and receiving information. It is talking to its cell phone editorial over a pathway called acontrol channel. The reason for this haggle is so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in, and so that your phone can change cells as you move around. Every so often, your phone and the dominate will exchange a packetof data that lets both of them know that everything is OK.Your phone also uses the control channel for call setup. When someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play itsringtone. The tower also gives your phone a p bare of voice channel frequencies to use for the call.The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. When a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower , and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination. (howstuffworks.com, 2005)The SME (Short Message Entity), which is typically a mobile phone or a GSM modem, can be located in the opinionated network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages. The SME was sent to the SMSC.TheSMSC (Short Message Service Center)is the entity which does the job of store and forward of messages to and from the mobile station. After receiving the SME, then SMSC sent the SME to the SMS GMSC.TheSMS GMSC(SMS gateway MSC (Mobile Switching Center)) is a gateway so that MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile networks point of communicate with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message centre, GMSC uses the SS7 network to i nterrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register.HLRis the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC.MSC(Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network which does the job of flip-floping connections between mobile send or between mobile stations and the fixed network.AVLR(Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile appellation and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information from the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTSs), which transmits the short message to the mobile. Th e BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on. (logixmobile.com)How to send SMS using a computer?After done some research about how the SMS works, there are several ways in displace SMS using computer, they are (developershome.com, 2008) assort a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer / PC. Then use the computer / PC and VB commands to instruct the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS message.Connect the computer / PC to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier or SMS service provider. Then send SMS messages using a protocol / interface supported by the SMSC or SMS gateway. affiliation between mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to computer using VB command for sent SMSA GSM/GPRS modem is a wireless modem that works with GSM/GPRS wireless networks. A wi reless modem is similar to a dial-up modem. The main difference is that a wireless modem transmits data through a wireless network whereas a dial-up modem transmits data through a copper telephone line. To send SMS messages, first place a valid SIM card from a wireless carrier into a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem, which is then connected to a computer. There are several ways to connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer. For example, they can be connected through a serial cable, a USB cable, a Bluetooth link or an infrared radiation link. The factual way to use depends on the capability of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem.After connecting a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer, you can control the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem by displace instructions to it. The instructions used for controlling the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem are called by using VB commands.The above figure showed the process of move SMS using the VB application. In this case, the sy stem that the author developed is using PHP that act as the third party to store the announcement data inside the database. After finish with the stored announcement, VB application is used to instruct the GSM modem to send SMS. As shown in the figure above, VB application will retrieve the stored data that will be sent as SMS. Then after retrieving the data, it will be sent to through SMS gateway until it arrived in the hand of the recipient.One of the benefits from using the VB application to send SMS is users will have a very reliable notification system, because before sending SMS intended recipient can be configured so it is received at the intended recipient.Using a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS messages has a major drawback, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. Only 6-10 SMS messages can be sent per minute (when the SMS over GSM mode is used). The performance is not affected by the connection between the computer and the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no case the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is connected to the computer through a serial cable, USB cable, Bluetooth link or infrared link) and does not depend on whether a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is used (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter a mobile phone or a GSM/GPRS modem is used). The find factor for the SMS sending rate is the wireless network. (developershome.com, 2008)Send SMS from Computer through SMS GatewayThe way for sending SMS messages from a computer through a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem has a major limitation, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. If you need a high SMS sending rate, obtaining a direct connection to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier is necessary.It can be difficult for subtile businesses or individual application developers to obtain a direct connection to the SMSC or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier since a wireless carrier may only provide such servi ce to those who have huge SMS traffic. Buying SMS messages in bulk means the total fee will be very high (although the fee per SMS message will be low). (deveDevelopment of College Announcement Notification SystemDevelopment of College Announcement Notification SystemChapter 1 IntroductionIntroductionThis project proposal is created to propose an IT solution to the student of Sunway University. The main point that the author want to highlight is regarding the efficiencies for student in Sunway University. An example, inefficiencies that occur in posting the announcement that is post on the website or in the notice board, it is hard to inform to the student and also the staff may also forget to post the announcement that will inconvenient for the student itself. In order to solve those problems, the author proposed to create a website as a third party for the staff to post the announcement. The author feel that only a website is very simple and common nowadays, so to improve the effe ctiveness and give more efficiency, a SMS (Short Messaging Service) feature is added to the system. Every announcement is posted by the SCT Staffs in the website, a SMS notification will be sent to the student that already registered to the website. The content of the SMS just a brief notification about the title of the event, venue and time, for more brief detail the students can refer to the website. Other way to notify the students is used Email as an instant notifier, but consider using email as an instant notifier is not really effective because students didnt open their email every day but using the SMS as the instant notifier to notify the students are more effective because most of the student is own and bring their own cell phone, therefore the MS as an instant notifier is more appropriate. Since the advancement of the technology nowadays, using this system will help in reduce the paper usage.Project ObjectiveTo give efficiencies for staff of Sunway University who want to p ost announcement.To use SMS as an instant notifier, for example every announcement post on the website the student will receive a SMS about the annoncement.In long term of view, this system will help in notify student about things that happen in college.Project ScopeTo become the most useful media for announcement notification.When the system is run it involves the Sunway University students and staffs that want to use the service.The user of the system should be students of Sunway University and staffs.All users that want to use the system have to become member.MethodologyMethodology is a formalized approach to implement the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle). There are many different systems development methodologies, and each one is unique based on the order and focus it places on each SDLC phase. Some methodologies are formal standards used y government agencies, while others have been developed by consulting firms to sell to client. Many organizations have internal methodolog ies that have been honed over the years, and they explain exactly how each phase of the SDLC is to be performed in that company.There are many ways to categorize methodologies. One way is looking at whether they focus on business process or the data that support the business. There are three types of system development methodologies, it is called Structured Design, RAD (Rapid Application Development), and Agile Development.Types of Software Development MethodologiesStructured DesignThis is the first type of system development, it is introduced in 1980s. This methodology adopts the formal step by step approach to the SDLC, it moves logically from one phase to another phase.Waterfall ModelThis is the original structured design of methodology, with this methodology, the analyst and users proceed in sequence from one phase to the next phase. The key deliverables for each phase are typically very long and are presented to the project sponsor for approval as the project moves from phase t o phase. This methodology is referred to as waterfall development because it moves forward from phase to phase in the same manner as a waterfall.Advantages of using waterfall modelIt identifies system requirements long before programming beginsIt minimizes changes to the requirements as the project proceeds.Disadvantages of using waterfall modelThe design must be completely specified before programming beginsThis model required significant rework, if there is a changes in the business environment, in order to going back to the initial phase need to go through each of the subsequent phase in return.Parallel DevelopmentThis model of methodology attempts to address the problem of long delay between analysis phase and the delivery of the system. Instead of doing design and implementation in sequence, it performs a general design for the whole system and then divides the project into a series of distinct subprojects that can be designed and implemented in parallel. Once all subprojects a re complete, there is a final integration of the separate pieces, and the system is delivered.Advantage of using parallel modelIt can reduce the schedule time to deliver a systemThere is less chance of changes in the business environment causing reworkDisadvantage of using parallel modelThe approach still suffers from problem caused by paper documentsIt adds new problem, sometimes subprojects arent completely independent design decisions made in one subproject may affect another subprojectsPhased DevelopmentIn this model, the overall system is divided into a series of version that are developed sequentially. The analysis phase identifies the overall system concept, and the project team, users and system sponsors then categorize the requirement into a series of version.Advantage of using phased modelQuickly getting a useful system into the hands of the usersWhile the system does not perform all the functions the users need at first, it does begin to provide business value sooner than if the system were delivered after completion, as is the case with waterfall or parallel methodology.Disadvantage of using phased modelThe users begin to work with the systems that are intentionally incomplete, it is critical to identify the most important and useful feature and include them in the first version, while managing users expectation along the way.PrototypingIn this model, it performs the analysis, design and implementation phases concurrently, and all the three phases are performed repeatedly in a cycle until the system is completed. In this methodology, the basics of analysis and design are performed, and work immediately begins on a system prototype, a quick and dirty program that provides a minimal amount of features.Advantage of using prototyping modelIt is very quickly provides a system for the users to interact with, even it is not ready for widespread organizational use at first.Reassure the users that the project team is working on the systemHelps to more quick ly refine real requirements rather than attempting to understand a system specification on paper, the user can interact with the prototype to better understand what it can do and cannot do.Disadvantage of using prototyping modelIts fast paced system releases challenge attempts to conduct careful, methodical analysis. This can cause problems in the development of complex systems because fundamental issues and problems are not recognized until well into the development process.Software Development Methodology ComparisonAfter do research about the types of methodology that is appropriate to be used into the project. The author compared the 4 types of methodology that is compatible with the current development. The following table is the result of using the described methodology to the project.System CharacteristicWaterfallParallelPhasedPrototypingUnclear User RequirementPoorPoorGoodExcellentUnfamiliar TechnologyPoorPoorGoodPoorComplexity of the SystemGoodGoodGoodPoorReliability of the SystemGoodGoodGoodPoorShort Time SchedulePoorGoodExcellentExcellentSchedule VisibilityPoorPoorExcellentExcellentTable 1 Methodology ComparisonSelecting the appropriate MethodologyAccording to the project objective that the author proposed, author analyze each methodology that is already been researched. The author decides to use the Phased Methodology. The main reason on why the author uses this methodology is because the author would develop this system all by himself and the project will be easier to be built phase by phase. Other considerations in choosing this model areUser Requirement the requirement of the system is clear, which is to address the problem of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of conventional way in notify the student for announcement.Familiarity with Technology for designing the website, PHP, VB.Net language technology is going to be used, since it is still in area of the author expertise.System Complexity the complexity of this project is at medium level, since the author familiar with the technology used in the project so it is not really difficult. However the author still need to do research on certain area of technology, for this case the knowledge of SMS gateway, and how to integrate the web based system with the SMS gateway.Duration the duration of developing the project is approximately 4 months in order to fully complete the project.Development Method it is a web based application that is built using the PHP, and VB.NET as the programming language.Area of ResearchCertain areas that we research for this project areHow to create easy and manageable database system?What is SMS (Short Message Service) portal and SMS (Short Message Service) gateway?How to integrate web based system with SMS portal?How to create easy and manageable database system?This part is one of the crucial parts in order to make a good web based application system. Therefore, creating an easy and manageable database system is really important. The database system t hat the author used to manage the College Announcement System web based application is MySQL. Several reasons become the consideration of choosing the MySQL software are, first reason is because the main programming language system that the author built is using the PHP technology, and PHP language has an integrated connector that able to connect it to SQL. Second reason, MySQL is open source software so it is free for download, it is will help in determining the project cost development. There is other software which is better than MySQL but looked back at the scope of the project this is just an undergraduate project, then the author decides that using MySQL software is a wiser choice. The third reason, the author already took the MySQL subject during the study in Sunway University College, which is still in the author expertise. However, if this system wants to be implemented into the real organization, further study to create easy and manageable design is needed. When the projec t is already on the run, this would be very beneficial in doing maintenance of the application system.How to integrate the Web based System with SMS portal?As most people known that SMS is the most famous service that a mobile phone give. It is a service where the users able to send short text message from a mobile phone to another mobile phone. Basically the SMS would not work with just the mobile phone itself, it I because the Mobile Phone Network Operator that give the service so the SMS can be delivered to the recipient by the help of the mobile phone device as the medium to type the message. The SMS can travel all the way from the sender device to the recipient device must go through a pathway through a network called SMSC (Short Message Service Centre). SMSC works as a hardware that stores the SMS that is sent from a mobile phone then forward it again to the recipient.From the early of 1990s, the era when the first SMS is sent through the network using the mobile phone device. Nowadays with the advancement of the technology, SMS not only can be done through using mobile phone but can be integrated in other application such as web based application system, using the SMS gateway technology. However, the SMS that is sent still have to go through SMSC, which is still needed to use the SIM Card that is given by the mobile network operator. SMS gateway act as a bridge the platform that cannot use the mobile phone SIM Card to use the mobile service by using the GSM modem, in this case the mobile service is to send the SMS. The mobile SIM Card will be inserted into the GSM modem. GSM modem will act as the third party to connect to the SMSC. The web based application store the message that will be sent into the database, and the GSM will retrieve the data from the database and ready to send the SMS to the destination number. The basic function of SMS and email is the same, for email the sender need to enter the destination email and for SMS the sender need to ent er the destination phone number. The difference is why SMS is more popular than email is because it is mobile and user can send and receive SMS wherever they are. The mobile advantage of using SMS is the reason that makes the author choose the SMS application system to be added into the College Announcement Notification system instead of using email. Another reason the author choose to use SMS is because most of the students in Sunway didnt have mobile phone that can handles in receiving and sending email, but most of the students have mobile phone that enable them to send and receive SMS. Therefore, using the SMS as additional software into College Announcement Notification system is the best choice, and the author also learn to use the GSM modem and the implementation of it into the system.Software / Hardware RequirementsIn order to make this project successful there are some hardware and software which is required to use in order to complete the project areSoftware and Hardware r equirement to develop the system.SoftwareSQL YOG is the database software that the author chose to be implemented inside the College Announcement Notification system. SQL Yog had the user friendly interface and it is open source software.XAMPP this software is applied as the localhost to compile the web based application.Adobe Dreamweaver is the software that makes it easier to edit the coding for PHP, JAVA.HardwarePC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDDSoftware and Hardware Requirement to run the system.User Side Hardware RequirementPC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDDUser Side Software RequirementWeb browser Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etcServer Side Hardware RequirementPC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 54 00 RPM HDDGSM ModemServer Side Software RequirementAdobe DreamweaverSQL YogWeb Browser Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etcXAMPPServer side software requirement is needed to do the regular maintenance on the system. The development software might be needed to fix error that might be occurred when the system on the run.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewLiterature Review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that is currently undergo. The author currently did a project College Announcement Notification System is the project. College Announcement Notification System is a web based application system, which is proposed as a solution to Sunway University College regarding the poor information flow in Sunway University College especially School of Computer Technology. The author chose to propose the solution only to School of Computer Technology because of the course that currently taken is under it. College Announcement Notification Syst em is a web based application, it is hoped the system would work perfectly and increasing the information flow within School of Computer Technology (SCT). The users of the system able to access the College Announcement Notification System via laptop or PC, as long there is an internet connection. The author think if it just a normal website, there is no uniqueness that makes my project different than the others. After doing research, the author decided to add the SMS feature as the instant notification system. Integrate the system with SMS feature means need to deal with SMS gateway. The author aware that using the SMS feature is almost the same like adding the Email as the instant notification where the system is able to send automatically the posted announcement that is already posted in the website. Email is an electronic mail that worked same like a normal mail, where the users need to write the content of the letter, after that the address of the recipient is a must for the use rs to add. Email enables users to send and receive electronically over the internet. SMS and Email basically is the same, it contains text and to send it need to know the exact recipient email address for email and phone number for SMS. There are many email server company that is give services for the users to send and receive email such as Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Google Mail, etc. There is also an application that handles email such as Microsoft Outlook.Some advantages that email could give are emails is free for users to use like send and receive mail, it can contains richer message contents than the conventional mail did. However from the advantages that an email, there are also a few disadvantages of emails. With the advancement of the technology nowadays, the previous email only can sent the words but nowadays, users can sent not only words but can attach richer media such as picture, video, file, etc. This advantages of email were misused by some people, it enable them to send vi rus, malicious software, spam that can harm the recipients PC or laptop. In order to overcome this security issue, the email provider companies try many ways to increase the security but the spammer can overcome the security and still sent the spam email that may contain virus and malicious software.Using the email as an instant notification to the College Announcement Notification System is a good choice but users may not open their own email daily, usually users open their email whenever the feel like to open it. Therefore, the author proposed to use the SMS system as the instant notification. There are few reasons that become the considerations of choosing SMS to be implemented. First reason, the project is a notification system so SMS is the best choice because after the sender sent it then the recipients received it in instant. Second reason, if using email the recipients of the email need to open their own laptop or PC, and then open the email service web page, it will takes t ime and not instant. Most of the students nowadays had their own mobile phone and they carry their mobile phone everywhere they go, so it is one of the reason why the author choose to use SMS as an instant notification. Mobile phone user aware that open a SMS is faster than open an Email. Nowadays, many mobile phone producers now produced a new mobile phone that can handles in send or receive an email. However mobile phone that can handles send and receive email is still too expensive for the most of the mobile phone users only a few that can afford that. But if the SMS only, most of the mobile phone users able to send and receive that because it is the basic function that the mobile phone offer.SMS (Short Messaging Service)As most people known, SMS is a protocol used in communication that gives way to exchange of short message from one mobile phone to another mobile phone (tech-faq.com, 2009). Nowadays mobile phone takes an important part because it provides connections to the othe rs that in the past impossible to do. The main usage of the mobile phone is to enable users to make a phone call wherever and whenever they are, beside used to call others other main function of mobile phone that is growing rapidly is the usage of SMS service.SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a technology that enables the sending and receiving of messages between mobile phones. SMS first appeared in Europe in 1992. It was included in the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to wireless technologies like CDMA and TDMA. The GSM and SMS standards were originally developed by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the GSM and SMS standards.As suggested by the name Short Message Service, the data that can be held by an SMS message is very limited. One SMS message can contain at most 140 bytes (1120 bits) of data, so one SMS message can contain up to160 chara cters if 7-bit character encoding is used. (7-bit character encoding is suitable for encoding Latin characters like English alphabets.)70 characters if 16-bit Unicode UCS2 character encoding is used. (SMS text messages containing non-Latin characters like Chinese characters should use 16-bit character encoding.)SMS text messaging supports languages internationally. It works fine with all languages supported by Unicode, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean.Besides text, SMS messages can also carry binary data. It is possible to send ringtones, pictures, operator logos, wallpapers, animations, business cards (e.g. VCards) and WAP configurations to a mobile phone with SMS messages.One major advantage of SMS is that it is supported by 100% GSM mobile phones. Almost all subscription plans provided by wireless carriers include inexpensive SMS messaging service. Unlike SMS, mobile technologies such as WAP and mobile Java are not supported on many old mobile phone models. (develop ershome.com, 2008)Usage of SMSAs the mobile voice communication market approaches saturation, carriers are focusing on messaging as crucial value -added service to garner more mobile subscribers and generate greater market revenue. Specifically, SMS (Short Messaging Service) is emerging as one of the most important asynchronous communication that carriers provide. It is projected that in 2009 U.S subscribers will send over 126 billion messages via their mobile phone device, generating $8.6 billion revenues (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008). Nowadays, people are presented with a wide variety of communication media such as email, instant messaging (IM), etc.To date, most researchers have focused on the use of SMS by teenager and young adult. Recently as SMS become the needs in our daily lives, older people also recognized the convenience of using SMS. It has been reported that over 74% of the mobile phone users worldwide is using SMS text messaging (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008).Ho w does the SMS works?Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly sending and receiving information. It is talking to its cell phone tower over a pathway called acontrol channel. The reason for this chatter is so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in, and so that your phone can change cells as you move around. Every so often, your phone and the tower will exchange a packetof data that lets both of them know that everything is OK.Your phone also uses the control channel for call setup. When someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play itsringtone. The tower also gives your phone a pair of voice channel frequencies to use for the call.The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. When a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination. (howstuffworks.com, 2005)The SME (Short Message Entity), which is typically a mobile phone or a GSM modem, can be located in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages. The SME was sent to the SMSC.TheSMSC (Short Message Service Center)is the entity which does the job of store and forward of messages to and from the mobile station. After receiving the SME, then SMSC sent the SME to the SMS GMSC.TheSMS GMSC(SMS gateway MSC (Mobile Switching Center)) is a gateway so that MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile networks point of contact with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location r egister.HLRis the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC.MSC(Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network which does the job of switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed network.AVLR(Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information from the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTSs), which transmits the short message to the mobile. The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air inter face, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on. (logixmobile.com)How to send SMS using a computer?After done some research about how the SMS works, there are several ways in sending SMS using computer, they are (developershome.com, 2008)Connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer / PC. Then use the computer / PC and VB commands to instruct the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS message.Connect the computer / PC to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier or SMS service provider. Then send SMS messages using a protocol / interface supported by the SMSC or SMS gateway.Connection between mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to computer using VB command for sent SMSA GSM/GPRS modem is a wireless modem that works with GSM/GPRS wireless networks. A wireless modem is similar to a dial-up modem. The main difference is that a wireless modem transmits data through a wireless network whereas a dial-up modem transmits data through a copper telephone line. To send SMS messages, first place a valid SIM card from a wireless carrier into a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem, which is then connected to a computer. There are several ways to connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer. For example, they can be connected through a serial cable, a USB cable, a Bluetooth link or an infrared link. The actual way to use depends on the capability of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem.After connecting a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer, you can control the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem by sending instructions to it. The instructions used for controlling the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem are called by using VB commands.The above figure showed the process of sending SMS using the VB application. In this case, the system that the author developed is using PHP that act as the third party to store the announcement data inside the database. After finish with the stored announcement, VB application is used to instruct the GSM modem to send SMS. As shown in the figure above, VB application will retrieve the stored data that will be sent as SMS. Then after retrieving the data, it will be sent to through SMS gateway until it arrived in the hand of the recipient.One of the benefits from using the VB application to send SMS is users will have a very reliable notification system, because before sending SMS intended recipient can be configured so it is received at the intended recipient.Using a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS messages has a major drawback, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. Only 6-10 SMS messages can be sent per minute (when the SMS over GSM mode is used). The performance is not affected by the connection between the computer and the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is connected to the computer through a serial cable, USB cable, Bluetooth link or infrared link) and does not depend on whether a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is used (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter a mobile phone or a GSM/GPRS modem is used). The determining factor for the SMS sending rate is the wireless network. (developershome.com, 2008)Send SMS from Computer through SMS GatewayThe way for sending SMS messages from a computer through a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem has a major limitation, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. If you need a high SMS sending rate, obtaining a direct connection to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier is necessary.It can be difficult for small businesses or individual application developers to obtain a direct connection to the SMSC or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier since a wireless carrier may only provide such service to those who have huge SMS traffic. Buying SMS messages in bulk means the total fee will be very high (although the fee per SMS message will be low). (deve

Information Systems Management Pepsico Inc

Information Systems Management Pepsico IncThere atomic number 18 scarcely a few people in the exisdecadece who ar unacquainted with(predicate) with the word Pepsi. Words such as cola or papa sop up almost become synonymous with it. Pepsi is arguably the most noted soft-drink consumed by billions all over the sphere. And the troupe responsible behind this victor is matchless of the world food securities industry giants PEPSICO, Inc.According to Andreas Penzkofer (2007), the lodge came into existence in 1965, when the Pepsi-cola guild acquired the snack food troupe called Frito-Lay. The beau monde has started to expand itself afield since the nineties. Pepsico Incorporated is a Fortune euchre the Statesn multinational corporation. Its plate argon based in Purchase, New York. It is a political party which has trade and manufactu noise interests in a wide variety of products ranging from carbonated and non-carbonated crapulences, salty, sweet and grain based snacks, juices etcetera. Some of the major brands owned by the confederation atomic number 18 Quaker Oats,Gatorade,Frito-Lay,Tropi whoremastera,Copella,Mountain Dew, and7 Up.According to Lawrence Dietz (1973), the perspective of the company is to append the value of the sh atomic number 18-holders investment. The company plans to do this by achieving recruitth in sales, compulsive the costs and intelligent investment of resources. The company believes that their commercial winner is interdependent upon offering good quality and value to their consumers and customers, execute available products that be safe, wholesome, and economically efficient while providing fair returns on investments to their investors by maintaining high levels of integrity.ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTUREPepsico operates in all the six major continents of the world namely Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, S step to the foreh America and atomic number 63. Their operations are unless broken down a mongst countries in these continents. The inter-organisation structure of the company has some sub-divisions. Their products are produced and bottled at the manufacturing plant, delivered to the suppliers by the distributors, the suppliers sell it to the retailers and finally to the consumers. These supply-chains in different countries are controlled by one main headquarter.According to Andreas Penzkofer (2007), the aim of the company is to curb supply ingredients and maintain purified water supply to en certainly quality and approachability to produce the products. Ensure availability of the best technology and immediate depot and inventory actes to maintain freshness and quality. Determine the demand by previous(prenominal) sales and future commercialiseing. Also ensure proper packaging, maintain quick local distribution and meet any untested demands or aspiration with products and consumer needs.Andreas Penzkofer (2007), likewise states that the companys mission is to b ecome the worlds best consumer products company. Its aim is to improve on the financial returns to the investors as it provides opportunities of growth and increase to its employees. It is also concerned just some preserving the environment and has designed a separate set of goals especially in its favour. This rear be observed from the replacement of can holders with plastic ring connectors which snap when the cans are removed thereby reducing the risk of network for wildlife. Pepsico also aims at diversifying its workforce so as to turn out a better understanding of different cultures. This has led the company to win some(prenominal) awards as well as being be at the 9th send by the fortune magazine as being the best company for minorities.MARKET SHAREAccording to Lawrence Dietz (1973), Pepsico, Inc. is one of the leading consumer product companies in the world having many of the worlds most important and valuable trademarks. It is the second largest soft-drink crease h aving a 21 portion share of the carbonated soft-drink grocery store in the world and 29 percent in the United States. Three of its major soft-drink brands Pepsi-cola, Mountain Dew and Diet Pepsi are amongst the top-ten soft-drinks in the U.S. market. The company has also transmit itself substantially in the world snacks market by introducing a company division known as Frito-Lay. It has a 40 percent world market share in salty snacks and 56 percent in the United States. It is nine times the size of its closest competitor in the U.S. and sells nine of the top-ten snack chip brands in the supermarket channel some of which accommodate lays, Doritos, ruffles and Chee-tos. Frito-Lay is responsible for generating more(prenominal) than 60 percent of Pepsicos net-sales and more than two-thirds of the parent companys operate benefit. The company also has a third division called Tropicana Products, Inc., which is the world drawing card in juice sales and occupies a substantive 41 perc ent of the U.S. chilled orange juice market. On a worldwide scale, Pepsico owns 16 brands that give right smart more than 500 zillion dollars in sales each year, ten of which are responsible for generating more than 1 billion dollars annually. Pepsico acquires around 35 percent of its retail sales outside the United States, with Pepsi-cola brands marketed in about 160 countries, Frito-Lay brands marketed in more than 40 and Tropicana brands in around 50 countries.BUSINESS MODELAccording to Richard Goodman (2009), Pepsico has managed to device a successful production line model which stresses importance on three key factors. Structural and operable advantages, successfully pilot the company through uncertain times and reservation strategic investments for future growth. Pepsico aims at meeting challenges and investing for the future by providing value to customers and consumers, having an excellent market strategy, investing in research and development and innovation. By achie ving these factors, the company will be able to retain customers. The company also aims at trenchantly managing price gaps, bringing in global advances in beverage pack sizes, activating the consumer by holding contests, running(a) out capital benefits for the customers as well as the consumers, control prices of products around the world market, appealing to local tastes, adapting to local customs thereby achieving fit and consistent performance.GLOBAL VISIBILITYThe global visibility of Pepsico can be observed from the sheer number of countries its products are consumed in. From the market share segmentation above, it can be seen that Pepsi-cola brands are marketed in 160 countries, Frito-Lay brands marketed in more than 40 and Tropicana brands in around 50 countries. Although Pepsico is an American Multinational corporation, India and Europe are of two of its biggest markets outside of the United States.BUSINESS ALLIANCESPepsico has formed partnerships with many products it do es not own but in order to distribute and market them with its own products. Some of these products include, Starbucks iced coffee, Lipton original iced tea, Ben and Jerrys milkshake etcetera. Also some of Pepsicos note alliances include Pepsico Quaker Chewy teaming up with Afterschool trammel and Miranda Cosgrove to Call assistance to the Importance of Afterschool Programs, Pepsi-Cola North America Beverages and Ocean Spray Strategic Alliance to Include Additional Juice and Juice Drinks, Oxford HealthAllianceand PepsiCo institution implemented Community Interventions etcetera. (Source www.pepsico.com, date taken 08/08/2010)COMPETITIOR ANALYSISDIRECT COMPETITIORSThe Coca-Cola orderAs we all know, Coca-cola or Coke as it is popularly known, and Pepsi have been competing with each other since the longest possible times. Even as kids, we utilise to have advertisements on television showing us to choose one over the other. As the years pass by and as the companies depend to expan d themselves more and more, their rivalry to attain market dominance seems to grow further more.According to Pat Watters (1978), the Coca-Cola caller is basically a non-alcoholic beverage producing company. It is also responsible for manufacturing, marketing and distributing concentrates and syrups which are used to produce these beverages. The Coca-Cola Company has their beverages sold in more than 200 countries worldwide. Their headquarters is in Atlanta, Georgia. The company owns more than 500 brands of non-alcoholic beverages which primarily include sparkling beverages. But they also manufacture still beverages like enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks, ready-to-drink teas and coffees, and energy and sports drinks. purple Crown Company, IncThe Royal-Crown Company, Inc is a 50 billion dollar company which manufactures and sells concentrates that are used in the production of soft-drinks. These soft-drinks are then sold locally and internationally to independent licensed bot tlers.RC cola is the companys leading brand and is ranked as the third largest cola brands after Pepsi and Coke. Some of the other brands which the company owns are Diet RC Cola, Diet Rite Cola, Lockjaw, Upper 10 and kick. (Source www.rccola.com, witness accessed 09/08/2010)COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS GRIDSWOT analysis for PepsiCoSWOT Analysis signifies the evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats possessed and faced by a particular company, boldness or institution. According to Pahl, Richter (2009), SWOT Analysis is beneficial and a life-or-death tool for decision-making and figuring dependencies between a company and its environment since natural opinions are replaced by proactive and constructive thinking.The SWOT Analysis for PepsiCo is as follows3.1. StrengthsPepsiCo has a strong brand reputation in the global market due to its presence of over 120 years.It has had a significantly increase market share over the years due to the launch of new products lik e Pepsi Max and other ideas. (Bachmeier, 2009)Its place has been determined and positioned strongly with consider to profits, sales and customer loyalty due to its creativity and rough-and-readyness.PepsiCo boasts of a strong product line with a variety and diverse range of products.It faces no cash deficit and hence has huge advertising budgets to strengthen its market position.3.2. WeaknessesPepsiCo depends largely on the US market for its revenues. According to Plunkett (2009), around 29% of PepsiCos nub net revenue is derived only from PepsiCo Beverages North America and its total market revenue dependent on US alone exceeds 50%. This may prove to be detrimental in the constantly changing economic conditions.Some of the PepsiCo products lack uniformity in their brand names.Experts have cited health hazards in the consumption of PepsiCo products due to high fat and borecole contents.The image of PepsiCo has been at empale due to incidents like the exploding of Pepsi cans in 2007 followed by salmonella contamination in Pepsicos product Aunt Jemima pancake and waffle mix. (Clark, 2008)3.3. OpportunitiesPepsiCo has been works to broaden its product base substantially. In 2005, it bought General Mills stake of the largest European snack food firm Snack Ventures Europe. In addition, PepsiCo acquired the German juice maker Punica Getraenke. (Penzkofer, 2007)PepsiCo operates through its four subsidiaries PepsiCo Beverages North America (PBNA), PepsiCo International (PI), Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) and Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) in almost 200 countries. (Penzkofer, 2007)With 153,000 employees, the company had total net revenue of $ 29,261 million in 2005 and was ranked at place 62 of the Fortune 500 Ranking of the largest companies in the United States. (Norton, Porter, 2010)PepsiCo has gradually been developing noncarbonated drinks and wakeless products, attracting more customers.3.4. ThreatsPepsiCo faces considerable threats due to strong comp etitors like The Coca-Cola Company, Nestle, Dr. Pepper Snapple crowd etcetera.Incidents like those of contaminations and pesticide residues found in PepsiCo products have caused substantial brand maltreat to the company, especially in large emerging markets like India.PepsiCo has been in a vulnerable position in the recent past due to lug problems. To illustrate, there was a month long strike at Frito-Lay India, a part of PepsiCo India Holdings Limited, beginning in August 2008 due to a contravention between the workers union and the company management. (Source http//www.expressindia.com/latest-news/strike-at-pepsis-channo-plant-ends/363190/ , Date accessed 12.08.2010)Stagnancy acts as a threat for the company since the food and beverages industry has reached its maturity and there are hardly any avenues that remain unexplored.PROPOSED BUSINESS, INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRATEGIES FOR THE earlyBusiness outlineFor future growth opportunities and profits, P epsiCo should try to carry out their business by introducing healthier products in the market. The company can pass on this byReducing the calories in the food products so that the consumption can be a healthy one.The company can manipulate the market to control what people are eating and drinking.Healthy options should be do available to allThe company should undergo a change from inside(a) and transform their reputation as a manufacturer of healthy products which fundamentally gives nutritional value.In the years to come, the company should engage its business in providing fruits, vegetables and grains. The company as a whole should respond to the changing consumer needs. exploitation the latest science and encouraging positive nutrition is the need of the time of day as the masses become health conscious day by day. The company needs to be reformulating itself and become innovative by making use of the next generation technology. The company can further amalgamate itself wit h healthier brands of products. (Source www.Pepsico.com, Date accessed 10/08/2010)Information Systems and Information Technology StrategyBuckingham et al. (1987), defines an training administration to be a ashes that can assemble, store, process and deliver schooling relevant to an organisation. This is done in a way that the information is available and useful to anyone who wants to use it, including managers, faculty, clients and citizens. An information body is a human activity system which may or may not involve the use of computer systems.A good information system strategy according to Guy Fitzgerald (2002), for a huge consumer food products and beverages company like PepsiCo to carry out its business for future growth and profits would beTo precisely document the requirements necessary for a good information system Here, the users should be able to specify their system requirements or the system developers should be able to investigate and analyse user requirements so th at the information system will meet the needs of the users.Efficiently monitor the distribute by providing an orderly method of development For a huge company like PepsiCo, controlling its large-scale projects is not easy. If the projects fail to meet the deadline, they can have serious cost and other repercussions for the company. Providing check-points and specific stages should make sure that the project planning procedures are applied effectively.Provision for the companys information system should have a suitable time limit and an acceptable cost.The financial backing of the system should be properly preserved and also the system should be easy to maintain This is extremely important as in a company like Pepsico, modifications to the information systems is inevitable due to the amount of changes fetching place in the company and its environment.The system should be able to make the best use of the techniques and tools that are already available.The system should be want by the people who are affected with the system such as the company stakeholders. The stake holders of the company may include clients, managers, auditors and users. If the system is desire by them, it is most likely to be used and bring success to the company.A successful information system should also make effective use of information technology by using the available tools and techniques. An effective use of information technology would involveAll staff having normal desktop tools. They should have access to email, Internet and Intranet.IT infrastructure should be infinitely upgraded as allowed by the companys resources and budget.Systems and networks at the companys head-quarters and in the field should be standardize and centrally managed.A centralised team should provide IT assistance to staff and a wide range of IT training.The company should make use ERP systems at the head-quarters.For information and knowledge management, the company should implement document management sy stem.making use of such business, information system and information technology strategies would benefactor the company stay competitive in the market in the future. ratiocination

Financial Reporting Systems of Germany and the Netherlands

Financial Reporting Systems of Ger umteen and the NetherlandsNobes (1998) classifies the German financial reporting musical arrangement as a fictitious character B ( worn justice) and The Netherlands as Type A (strong equity). Comp be the financial reporting arrangements of Germany and The Netherlands.National differences bring forth all blend in stereotypical. Indeed the differences in the midst of countries may be vast. Influences such(prenominal) as family origin, or attitudes towards business culture atomic number 18 inherently reflected in the way businesses are run, managed and owned. There are in any case many reasons as to why in that location are differences in financial reporting. These depend on the character of the study legal arrangement, the type of industry financial support, the interrelationship between tax income revenue and finance reporting corpses, the extent of be theory progression and even language.(Elliott, 2006)1In terms of the legal system between Germany and the Netherlands, it is clear tat they both follow a civil law system which is varied to the rough-cut la procedure of the United Kingdom contained deep down the Companies Act 1981.2 However, for the purposes of this essay, I pull up stakes focus on the comparisons between the financial supporting systems of German and the Netherlands with regards to the Nobes (1998) classification of Germany being a weak equity (Type B) while the Netherlands in a strong Equity (Type A).I lead consider Nobes theory by considering equity figures for both Germany and the Netherlands in respect of their types of equity and will briefly compare the financial reporting systems of the devil countries.Although equity is delineated in many different forms, it is generally defined as the order of a company which is the property of its ordinary shareholders (the companys assets slight its liabilities, not including the ordinary share capital)3In terms of financial news report rep orting, considerations of which is the relevant way of backing a business, i.e. the information required by equity investors are different to those of load creditors. Strong equity chiffonier be defined as a high ratio between equity market capitalization and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) whilst weak equity is a low ratio between market capitalisation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).4 I, Germany had the lowest equity of 5 countries which were studied. (49%). This shows that unconnected the States, France or presumably the Netherlands, Germany does not rely heavily on soul investors.Specifically, Nobes (1998) develops a frameork that seek to explain the differences in international accounting. Nobes catagorises accounting systems into two types crystalize A (accounting for outside shareholders) and Class B (accounting for tax and creditors). twain changeables determine whether a country will have a Class A or a Class B accounting system (1) the type of culture and (2) the st rength of the equity-outsider financing system. According to the model, countries with Type A cultures have developed strong outsider-equity financing systems that have led to the breeding of a Class A financial reporting system. Therefore, like America and the UK, the Netherlands has relied on a Type A accounting system that is relaint on a high ratio of equity investment as oposed to loan creditors.Conversely, countries with Type B cultures have weak outsider-equity financing (i.e. weak equity) systems that have led to the development of a Type B financial reporting system . This model is comonly known to be widespread practice within continenatl Europe including Germany.Nobes (1998) stsudies the link between the financing system and accounting, exclusively also believes that a Type A system in terms of equity financing is not entirely dependant on Type A accounting, but rather external or outsider equity financing is imperative.By drawing on examples, Nobes (1998) examines Ja pan. Japan is a country with many listed companies as well as large equity market, but instead of the market being supported externally, most of the shares are owend by Janpanese banks or other companies, investors etc). According to the model, financial reporting in Japan should parade the characteristics of a Type B accounting system. Nonethelss, Nobes (1998) in explaining why Germany is substantialy different to the Netherlands claims that differences in culture, i.e. countries that have altered their culture through war will usually adopt the culture and accounting system imported from the dominate country. This explains, for example, why some post colonial African countries possess a type A system despite having real weak accounting systems.As noted earlier, Nobes focuses his discussion on the link between financing systems and accounting. He assumes that some cultures lead to strong equity-outsider financing systems and others do not, but he leaves the examination of this a ssumed relationship for others. Nobes appears to assign a very broad view of culture to this variable in his model. In a simplified model presented earlier in his paper he refers to this variable as culture, including institutional structures5 A brief examination of the differences betweent the culture of institutional structures is examined below.While a Type A classification separates accounting and tax rules, Type B does not.6 Type A in comparison to Type B also has an extensive auditing system. This is true for the Netherlands in comparison to Germany. In US, UK and Netherlands, link between taxable income and accounting income is much weaker, with separate tax accounts and financial accounts. The information is prepared with external investor information in theme thereby focusing on a large equity market (Type A). In comparison a Type B taxation system such as that of Germany tax accounts which are published financial accounts are not usually prepared for investors, but instea d indwelling forces such as company investors, shareholders etc.In sum, the Type A system such as that in practice in the Netherlands and as proposed by Nobes is one of dynamic accounting formulated with the external investor in hear thereby creating increased demand for external investment. On the other hand, Germany experiences the colloquy of this, with taxation and accounting system which is interlinked and an intention of financial reporting for internal investors rather than external investors in mind.BibliographyClassification based on corporeal Finance, http//www.people.ex.ac.uk/wl203/BEAM011/Materials/Lecture 10/IA1 Lecture 10.pdfElliott et al, Financial Accounting and Reporting, (2006 10th ed)mental lexicon of Accounting, Collin print (2001)Nobes (1998)Footnotes1 Elliott et al, Financial Accounting and Reporting, (2006 10th ed) p 1362 Ibid, p137.3 Dictionary of Accounting, Collin Publishing (2001) p.994 Elliott et al, Financial Accounting and Reporting, (2006 10th ed) p 1375 Nobes (1998) p. 1776 Classification based on Corporate Finance, http//www.people.ex.ac.uk/wl203/BEAM011/Materials/Lecture 10/IA1 Lecture 10.pdf

Leadership at Nestle

leaders at clutchLeadershipLeadership is the art of acquiring each(prenominal)one else to do nearlything you want done because he wants to do it. (Dwight D. Eisenhower).One more than(prenominal) definition of leading is acquiring things done by others. Leadership is an central phenomenon in the dimension of managing people because lead is directly concerned with the moods, tools and techniques for getting things done finished the other people. (Bass, 1991) Leadership shtup be meant polar for varied people in varied surrounds and perspectives. Leadership may be political, religious, community or arrangemental, (DePree, 1990) the common thing among all told of them is that leaders argon responsible to provide guideline to whom they be charged with the province to lead. The model of leaders is emerged from the organized efforts and intimatelyly related to the presence of organized and discipline action (Kellerman, 2004). So the leadership is all about the presence o f some composition. Without an organization there is no concept of leadership. One thing placement is basically collection of individuals who ar fly the cooping together to achieve some common purpose or purposes. Interaction and socially construction is the lascivious of todays leadership. Leadership in organizations and earmark leadership dah for disparate types of organizations is a hot topic of discussion among researchers for a big time. As leader is responsible to use his management skills in a federal agency that his followers achieve their destinations in an easy and smooth expressive style so the g everywherenment agency a leader adopt for leading has real a great wideness. (Bolden, 2005)Today al more or less e preciseone knows about nestle and uses the products do by nestle in daily life. nose is a Swiss based guild, having the edge of being a multinational its the creative activitys largest and ranked as no. 1 food friendship of world with more than 447 situationories located in 194 countries of world and having more than 333,000 employees some the globe (nestleusa, 2015). Having much(prenominal) a huge work force demands from the fraternity that it should have some appropriate leadership values and structures to guide its managers in decision making and to deal with the occupations related to various(a) culture and change magnitude diversity within organization.Rather than maintaining the formal authorities given by organization, its the responsibility of managers at Nestle to inspire the people and tally value for confederacy and add value for society at large. such(prenominal) a motivation and commitment results in increasing the value for organization. ascrib satisfactory to rapid change in external environment and severe rival which was unpredictable in past and requires the managers to develop some enhanced capabilities which nooky be described in following principles formulated by Nestle.Principles of Leadership at NestleLead for winningCredibility development through proper leadership style, achievement and coherent action. Based on the record of situation and culture of a particular environment proper leadership styles be applied by managers in their different work units. Managers at Nestle think about a phenomena from different perspectives in a way which leads toward innovation. Employees are provided with the opportunity of taking risk and openness to virgin experiences which many another(prenominal) times leads to the mistakes but they are tolerate able if the mistakes are becoming the source of erudition and employees are commited to learn from them. Innovation ask experiments and not all experiment brings favourable results, but some chamberpot entirely change the way the work was done and managed. So all these experiments are possible when the management is ready to tolerate the results of failures, which is the drive of Nestle (Nestle-family, 2015). management of expectat ions and alignment of every action with the overall or bodied strategy of company is the key factor of success for company and the importance of both of them is recognized on every direct by Nestle. equilibrise lifestyle, wide take aim of general and professional education, responsible behaviour are the key characteristics of managers at Nestle which when they lead by example shifts toward the employees on every level. All of such actions and demonstrations cultivate it possible to lead for winning.Management for resultsMaintaining exposure in the situations of intense pressure while in the aforementioned(prenominal) time maintaining the temperament and capacity of taking initiatives and risks is most of the times very difficult for managers. Effectively and efficiently managing between these both extremes is the end between being just a manager and being a leader. Managers at Nestle are trained for managing them. line of products units at local level, regional level, corpora te and global level requires synergism. Which is the result of deep level of proactive cooperation among all of them. Leaders at Nestle are trained for creating synergy on all levels.Change is inevitable and but managing the consequences of change is the responsibility of a leader and the effective management results in managing the change in a way that produces favourable results for organization like Nestle. All the preceding(prenominal) leadership conventions results in achieving stemma objectives in a way that the conformity is maintained with sustainable practices.Grow teams and TalentNestle ensures person-to-person commitment of its employees toward their work and achieving their individual goals so that the overall goals of organization become able to meet which results in promoting the organisational success.Company develop the leaders of tomorrow by addressing them and allowing them to progress in the area which provides them the opportunity to expand their capabiliti es on individual and group levels. For developing the leaders of tomorrow company understands the extremity to which the continuous learning and sharing of ideas in a free fashion is important.Employees can never know about their exact performance and until they are provided with the honest and fair feedback from their managers which includes performance appraisal in a way that respect of employee will never be shaken on any step.Doing all these leadership practices, management at Nestle is always assured abut maintain the exact counterweight of diversity and gender prevails in the organization.Competing and connecting externallyContinuously looking toward the ways to satisfy the consumers in most mod way and attracting the new customers in a compelling way is also the part of leadership practices at Nestle. Nestle believes in an external in perspective for customers and inside in for the employees of organization and seeks good business relations with all the stakeholders. po tpourri innovation is an important debate in organizational circles for a long period of time. Some organizations try their topper to increase diversity in their work settings while others pose their every action against it. So think that the diversity can enhance the productiveness because of many different ideas from different persuasion while other aim that due to diversity there are conflicts among employees which results in low productivity and wastage of time. through empirical analysis Researchers declared that the diversity is beneficial for an organization if the differences among the employee are managed properly (Williams, 1998).Approaches for managing differencesThere are two common nuzzlees for managing differences in the work place. 1. Avoidance 2. Repression. Avoidance is the strategy mostly used by risk adverse management and Repression approach is used when management wants to caution the disagreement. The factors which must be uppermost in selecting most appro priate approach for managing differences are avoidance or avoiding the difference, conflict, tolerance and appreciation. (Carole G. Parker, 2009)Conflict is the top level of the differences, it is sometimes also names as war. On the initial level the individuals become aware of the differences among them, such differences after results in discomfort which afterwards results in annoyance, then irritation, then tension, then frustration, disagreement, anger, hostility step by step and finally results in conflict or war (Guillaume, 2014).Through the use of emotional intelligence one can select the most appropriate way or action to manage conflict. In case of avoidance there is an opportunity to learn more about the difference before taking an action. In tolerance the participants actively engaged in the situation of difference rather than remaining silent and just spy the phenomenon. In conflict there is direct judgement of others action and declaring them good or bad. Appreciation of differences results in a good level of personal development of individual and growth. (Triana, 2014) The individuals tend to speak with freedom and without any pleasant of fear. In selecting the most appropriate approach for managing differences the manager should consider the appropriate action or combination of factors among avoidance, conflict, appreciation and tolerance according to the temper of situation.Why is it necessary to maintain a well- fit work environment?It is necessary to maintain a well-balanced work environment in the term of diversity because diversity offers the organizations to face its difficulties through new and innovative ways. There are lot of opportunities for organizations to avail from the differences among the employees. When two or more varied thinkers think on a phenomenon, they can consider it in a more creative way than they can think individually. So a well-balanced work environment results in creativity. (Choi, 2014)Innovation is a result of t hinking in new ways. When many of the diverse employees work together to achieve some common objective. For everyone the phenomenon appears in a different angle and different perspectives and at last everyone proposes his own solution to the problem which results in innovation.When different employees work in a different style in the work environment their diverse experience results in learning for the other employees which are working in traditional manners. Beside the advantages of diversity many disadvantages are also associated with diversity such as communication barriers, thinking style differences, which many times results in non-productive conflict in organization (Australian Govt, 2014).It is necessary therefore that the work environment should be well balanced in term of diversity to get the advantages of it and for avoiding its disadvantages.Diversity at NestleNestle is always an equal opportunity employer and always appreciates diversity in organization. The management i s of the confidence that diverse employees are the reason behind such a tremendous success of organization. Nestle has the slogan that Our differences make us stronger. Company is of the opinion that the curious people with unique flat coats bring their unique perspectives and experiences with them. In Nestle the voice of every individual from every background is not only heard but also appreciated. The goal of company is to attract the best workforce from diverse backgrounds and retain them. The company believes that these employees can create such products which are liked by the customers all over the world. Having the diverse workforce like Nestle has not only benefits the company but also the employees and the societies from which they belong to.Nestle has its own recruiting system which is called as Symposium for Diverse Leaders of Tomorrow through which the recruitment and selection of employees from different background is done. Furthermore Nestle also actively participates in different MBA recruiting programs including Consortium for Graduate Study in Management Orientation program (CGSM OP). Through these selection programs the fresh graduates of universities are selected on merit flat coat without considering the backgrounds, races from whom they belong to.For encouraging the diversity in organization and let the employees look at their knowledge experiences and best practices Nestle has promoted many ethnic groups such as Nestl Black Employees Association (NBEA), Nestl Womens Network (NWN) for promoting the exact gender balance in the organization. Further Nestl Hispanic Employees Association (NHEA) is also working for the progression of interests of Hispanic employees in organization.The purpose of making all these associations and organizations is to gather the employees from diverse backgrounds on a platform where they can share their experiences about how to make the company a better place to work (NestleUSA, 2015).The company is of the op inion that the employees from diverse backgrounds are asset for the organization and these employees are in fact the source of competitive advantage for the company.ReferencesAustralian Govt. (2014). The benefits of workforce diversity. Retrieved 4 26, 2015, from http//www.apsc.gov.au/apsinduction/module-6/benefitsBass, B. M. (1991). From transactional to transformational leadership Learning to share the vision. Organizational dynamics,, 18(3), 19-31.Bolden, R. (2005). What is leadership development purpose and practice?. . University of Exeter, Centre for Leadership Studies.Carole G. Parker. (2009). THE EMOTIONAL CONNECTION OF DISTINGUISHING DIFFERENCES AND CONFLICT. In Understanding and Managing Diversity (5th ed., pp. 41-45). Pearson.Choi, S. . (2014). Organizational truth and Diversity Management in Public Organizations Does Fairness Matter in Managing Diversity?. . Review of Public Personnel Administration,, 307-331.DePree, M. (1990). What is leadership? Planning Review,, 18(4 ), 14-41.Guillaume, Y. R. (2014). Managing diversity in organizations An integrative model and agenda for future tense research. European journal of work and organizational psychology,, 23(5), 783-802.Kellerman, B. (2004). Thinking about leadership. Warts and all. Harvard Business Review,, 82(1), 40-45.Nestle-family. (2015, 6 22). Nestle-family. Retrieved from Nestle family.com http//www.nestle-family.com/assets/downloads/The-Nestle-Management-and-Leadership-Principles.pdfnestleusa. (2015, 6 20). Retrieved from nestleusa.com http//www.nestleusa.com/about-usNestleUSA. (2015, 4 20). Diversity. Retrieved from .nestleusa.com http//careers.nestleusa.com/diversityTriana, M. C. (2014, January 5). Organizational Diversity Efforts and Employee Discrimination Claims Organizational Motives Matter. Academy of Management Proceedings, p. 10784.Williams, K. Y. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations A review of 40 years of research. Research in organizational behavior, , 77-140.

Towards Speaking English Through Creative Drama English Language Essay

Towards Speaking incline Through Creative shimmer side Language EssayThis exact aimed to moot the soundness of notional fun on the kick upstairsment of prentices absolute posture towards verbalise English in state high schools. A unrivalled- base pre- sample/post- canvas hit the books was carried forth with 12 intermediate take students who were voluntarily selected. As a treatment students att quited a 4-week fanciful sword knead curriculum run by the police detective who received 320 hours of training for being a inventive free rein instructor. quadruple different instruments were employed to stash entropy in the issue military strength questionnaire, student discourses, teacher observation notes and thoughtful journals. The perspective test was administered to the participants in the lead and after the 4-week original childs play program, and the findings were comp bed to see the impact of the treatment. The entropy obtained by wistful journals , observation notes and interviews was sort pop outed and analyze. The results of the obtained entropy indicate that in that respect were of import losss in advance and after the treatment in terms of enhancement of positive attitude towards disquisition English.I.INTRODUCTIONStatement of the de bulls eyeingThe present charter was designed to determine the empirical validity of the assumption that providing learners of English as a foreign wording with seminal free rein activities during English classes mess enhance their positive attitude towards verbalise English. It is suggested that learners ordain be to a greater extent than drill hole to learn and practice English if they adopt a positive attitude towards it.JustificationIt is clear that in the age of communication the role link to discourse skill is far greater than it usaged to be. Due to the gain mobility of nations, it is not surprising to see people who witness others mouth a make out of dustups in their daily life. The change in social bodily structure has been reflected in linguistics through shifts in thoughts and notions, methods and techniques. What was once linguistic-oriented has now give way a communicative single.With the increasing importance of acquisition English as a foreign lyric poem, m some(prenominal) studies hurl been conducted to investigate better slipway to teach English so far. Creative free rein is instaln as iodin of those ways by contemporary tr suppresss in expression teaching. It is suggested that with imaginative playing period activities learners cooperate with each other effectively during the application of the knowledge and the skills that they beget acquired, learn better and discover in the buff things about themselves.Creative shimmer is a kind of education technique that was developed by beam Slade, Brian agency, Dorothy Heathcote and Gavin Bolton in England and is use for al or so all kinds of scholarship activities p articularly in improving verbal and written expression in terminology learning lessons. According to Davis (1996), in national education programmes in England, it is obligatory to use up swordplay in English lessons. It is a known fact that in England, maneuver is being used as a method in babbleing and create verbally fields of linguistic process teaching for a foresightful time.In Turkey imaginative drama started to be applied especially in preschool education and elementary schools, in ordinate to develop their creativity, self-assertion, self-governing conjectureing, self-control, and problem solving skills. In our world where individual, national and international rival is acquire hard and thither is a constant change, existing is base on having these qualities not on rote learning. In order to select the children and adults in these qualities, instead of traditionalistic education methods, methods of learning by alert in social and inseparable environment s hould be used. One of these methods is creative drama.Adgzel (2006) defines creative drama as follows Creative drama is to represent or animate a subject, an experience, an event, a concept or behaviour with a mathematical base utilizing improvisation and role play techniques and employ the experiences of group members. These improvising activities be carried out with an experienced leader and creative drama directly utilizes the general facilities of children games. In the light of this definition creative drama whitethorn be considered as a method of learning, a mechanism for self-expression, as well as art. In order to add more to this definition, Ula (2008) briefly explains the scope of creative drama through six learning principles A student learns meaningful content better than other contents. engage occurs as a result of a students interaction with his environment. The more receptive organs a student uses while learning, the greater the retention of the lessons. A stud ent learns best by doing and experiencing. Effective participation is weighty in learning emotional conduct. Learning becomes easier and more permanent in educational environments where there is more than one stimulus. (p.876)Creative drama emerged from the work of f refusepot Dewey which emphasized the importance of the instinctive and impulsive attitudes and activities of children to education (Siks, 1981 cited in Freeman, 2000, p.7). It is believed that if the childrens natural activities and the games they played with their friends in daily life are transferred to the field of education, children will be more motivated towards learning. Learning by doing is the core of the mood that creative drama is an effective method of learning.As Mally (1983) said, manoeuvre is more concerned with what is happening within and between members of a group set in a dramatic situation. It is never intended for performance and rarely if ever rehearsed, since it depends on the spontaneous i nventions and reactions of people involved in it. Drama involves the participants themselves (cited in Alda, 2009). As it is stated participants are completely active in drama activities. They give birth to receive the message quickly, find out applicative solutions to the problems, and convey their answers to the other players.Like other fields drama is an effective technique in language teaching. By integrating drama activities in English classes, the monotony of a conventional language class can be broken and the syllabus can be transformed into a more meaningful one which prepares learners to face their immediate world better.If it is remembered that one of the signifi tip problems for English language learners in Turkey is having a banishly charged attitude towards speaking English, it will be more meaningful to need that creative drama activities should be used in language classes. Learners oppose attitudes are mainly caused by disturbance, need of assertion and pau perization Thus, it is important for teachers to find ways to motivate learners and reduce their fretfulness while enhancing their confidence. modern studies show that the use of creative drama activities could be regarded as one of the effective methods to help learners improve a positive attitude towards speaking English and too support them to acquire necessary communication skills. As Wagner (as cited in Alda, 2010) states that drama is powerful because its unique balance of thought and shade makes learning exciting, challenging, relevant to factual life concerns, and enjoyable.The integration of drama brings some(prenominal) real life and imaginary situations and characters into the language class dwell. Through their imagination the students fuddle to produce various actions that fit in with the situation they encounter. Teaching language skills through drama gives students a context for listening and meaningful language production provides opportunities for reading and writing development and involves children in reading and writing as a holistic and meaningful communication process. As Slade and Way (1967) state, Drama is a good way of teaching second language because students are learning and practicing the language with communicative activities in a real context.Another important benefit of integrating drama with second language teaching is that it improves relationships among learners and consequently, the class atmosphere. When the classroom context is relaxing and friendly, anxiety levels of learners are expected to be low. This principle is supported by Krashens affective slabber hypothesis. According to the affective fall into place hypothesis, there is a kind of imbue which determines how input is turned into in simulate. It is this filter through which learners indigence, anxiety level and federal agency are shaped. Thus, who have a low anxiety have a low filter while the opposite is true for the opposite case. In the light of this hypothesis, it can be postulated that when the learner is unmotivated or lacks confidence, the filter will be up. (Gas and Selinker, as cited in Salamel, 2009). in that respectfore, the classroom environment inevitably to be as stress-free as viable in order to cast down the affective filter of the learner and consequently let the acquisition take place. (Krashen and Terrell, as cited in Shand, 2008).According to Alda (2009), the most important benefit of development drama in second language teaching is that it increases self-esteem, self-confidence and spontaneity by reducing inhibitions, alienation steping and sensitivity to rejection. In addition, drama develops problem-solving skills, working in groups, taking more risks and communicational skills such as turn taking, topic changing, and leave taking.To sum up the usefulnesss of drama amlolu and Karaku (2008) list what effective use of creative drama can achieve in learnersCreative drama1. Promotes long-lasting learning2 . Nurtures empathy3. Empowers imagination,4. Offers new dimensions,5. Triggers curiosity and investigation,6. Improves problem-solving and analysis-synthesis skills,7. Concretizes the abstract,8. Provokes creativity,9. Assures self-confidence and personal development,10. Enhances students repertoire,11. Helps students develop effective addressing strategies and improve their rhetoric.1.3 entailmentAlthough there are a number of studies on attitude towards speaking English and those studies, to a great extent, give a rough opinion about the importance of the problem. However, there is still need to elaborate on the issue with respect to creative drama applications. When we reduce the scale to Turkey, it is possible to see the scanty literature welcoming further studies.The literature on creative drama is pretty abundant, as well. However, the literature about the use of creative drama in EFL contexts is rather scarce. Thus, documenting any probable advantage of creative drama techn iques for EFL contexts would be of great help for those who want to taste without losing the enjoyable and pedagogical nature of the courses.1.4 Literature ReviewThere are several studies (Alda, 2010 Fuentes, 2010 Kl, 2009 Salamel, 2009 Sara, 2007, Shand, 2008 ) which have gived that the use of creative drama activities not further creates a motivating environment for speaking English but also contribute positively to learners speaking skills in the field of EFL both abroad and Turkey.1.4.1 Studies Conducted AbroadShand (2008) conducted a study on the effects of a creative drama curriculum for a group of third, sixth and seventh graders. As a mixed study participants response to the drama curriculum was measured by pre-test and post-test, observations and interviews. Results of the study showed that drama activities were thriving in lowering the third grade participants anxiety and increasing their confidence and motivation towards speaking English. Drama clearly helped motivate these students, reduce their anxiety, and increase their confidence. Shand (2008) stated that the students were much more relaxed when speaking English. They spoke more, and when they spoke, they were louder and uninhibited.In other study, Fuentes (2010) conducted a qualitative study to examine the effect of drama on second language learning. A total of 40 pupils of the first division of Primary Education participated in the study. The participants were separated into two groups. With group A, a didactic unit based on a simple play adapted to their level was developed and with group B several drama activities and techniques to support the existing planning were used. The implementation of the unit in group A took seven sessions of 50 minutes each whereas in group B six sessions were dedicated to drama techniques. For evaluation a daybook was used by the searcher in which she has taken notes of the learners difficulties and progress. Children also esteem their own performance i n the L2 (self-assessment), they received feedback from both their partners and the teacher (co-assessment). Fuentes study demonstrated that the activities presented during the study had some very positive and interesting results regarding learner autonomy, motivation and orthoepy.1.4.2 Studies Conducted in TurkeySeveral studies on creative drama and teaching English as a foreign language have also been conducted in Turkey. One of those studies is Salamels study (2009), which aimed to find the effects of creative drama as an alternative way to reduce language anxiety of university students in English speaking classes. At the beginning of the study the strange Language Classroom Anxiety get over was administered to 565 at random selected students from different levels. Next, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 30 students and 20 speaking teachers to get their perceptions of language anxiety in speaking courses. In the light of the findings from the interviews carried out with students, it was observed that almost one-half of the students found learning and speaking English as an anxiety-provoking experience. The possible reasons for language anxiety were investigated from the students perspective through interviews. It was found that linguistic difficulties (vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation), cognitive challenges (fear of trouble in front of others, fear of exams, fear of failure in communication, lack of self-esteem, fear of making mistakes), the role of the teachers, competitiveness and lack of information were considered to be correlates of language anxiety. After covering the role and possible sources of language anxiety and possible ways to alleviate language anxiety from a anatomy of perspectives, the study focused on a single way to lower language anxiety in speaking classes applying creative drama activities. 22 participants chosen on a voluntary basis attended a 6-week creative drama program. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiet y Scale was administered both at the beginning and at the end of the study, and thence the findings were equationd. The difference between the pre-test and the pos-test was found to be statistically significant and the findings indicated that creative drama activities could be useful to lower language anxiety.In another study Aldag (2010) aimed to investigate the effectiveness of creative drama on the enhancement of motivation of the students who learn English in public elementary schools. Fifty randomly sampled 4th grade students of a state school participated in the study. The image Group continued their conventional lessons while the data-based Group was undetermined to drama-based curriculum, but the content of the course was the same. Five different instruments were employed to collect data in the study Motivation Questionnaire, Personal Information Form, savant and Teacher Interviews, Individual Diaries, and Observational Field Notes. Motivation test was applied twice Fir stly at the beginning of the study as pre-test and secondly at the end of the study as post-test. The results of the obtained data indicate that there were significant differences between Experimental Group and the Control Group in terms of enhancement of motivation and speaking skills. At the end of the study, motivation of the students of Experimental Group who were exposed to creative drama activities increased in a considerable extent, whereas motivation of the students of Control Group who continued their traditional curriculum remained the same. Alda (2010) states that when learners overcame the fear of making mistakes in foreign language and relied on themselves, they were very eager to speak in English during activities. They were more hot about speaking in later stages of training.In another study Sara (2007) aimed to investigate whether creative drama has a positive impact on growth the speaking skills of young learners. For this purpose, the exploreer conducted eight English lessons in which creative drama activities were applied. The lessons were recorded and checked by an observer. In addition, with the purpose of determining the expectations, feelings and thoughts of the students in terms of the persuade of creative drama on the learners, the students were asked to keep journals. The observed lessons showed that speaking skills gradually increased towards the end of the research implementation. In addition, the students journals indicated that creative drama made a positive influence on the learners, such as providing a stress free environment, underdeveloped self confidence and providing high learner participation. Sara (2007) highlights that after the creative drama activities the students experienced only the positive feelings, most were happy and found the practise to be fun. Not a single student felt anything negative about the activity afterwards. According to the data obtained, almost all the students show some of information routin e, negotiation skills, simplification skills and rephrasing, use of fillers and hesitation devices in their journals. The results also showed that class participation and learner motivation was at the highest level in creative drama classroom enabling even the most shy and passive learner gain self confidence and gum olibanum become more active in the classroom.Another study which aimed to investigate the effect of creative drama on speaking English and students attitudes towards speaking English was submitted by Kl (2009). She included a research sample composed of high school students, who are between 15-16 geezerhood old. Research was designed according to experimental model with pre and post test control group. The advised methods and techniques in the course book were applied by the teacher to the students of control group. Unlike the control group, in addition to the methods and techniques recommended, drama activities were also applied to the experimental group. Speaking t est and attitude test were applied before and after the treatment to determine the effect. The results of the study suggested that there had been a significant change on the attitudes of the students in the experimental group towards speaking English. Learners answers to the questionnaire after treatment showed that they felt more relaxed and were not hangdog of making mistakes while speaking English. Kl (2009) stated that this may be because of the power of creative drama to help learners gain self-confidence during creative drama activities.In the light of this literature review the flow rate study aims to find out whether creative drama has a positive effect on the attitudes of intermediate level high-school students towards speaking English in Turkey.1.5 Research QuestionDoes the use of creative drama in English classes help learners developing a positive attitude towards speaking English?1.6 Research HypothesisCreative drama activities can help developing positive attitude to wards speaking English among intermediate level learners of English in state high schools in Turkey.1.7 Limitations and DelimitationsIn this study the number of participants was one of the limitations. Since high school students have a very hard-bitten program during the week it was not possible for so many students to stop at school for the study. Therefore, only 12 students were available. This may limit the abstractedness of the study results to other populations.Another limitation is the time factor. The treatment was only applied for four weeks despite the fact that this kind of treatment must take a great deal of time. If the treatment had been applied for a longer period, it is anticipated that the results would have been more significant.II. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY2.1 taste and SettingThe study took place at a state high-school in Sultanbeyli. The school is located in a socio-economically disadvantaged district of Istanbul. There are approximately 600 students and 50 t eachers in the school. 9th grade students have 6 hours of English every week, while 10th, 11th and 12th grade students have 4 hours. As it is an Anatolian high-school, great importance is attached to the teaching of English. The constitution provides support to ensure that there are enough foreign language teaching materials and resources. However, there is a shared opinion among English teachers that students are not eager to communicate in English. Instead they prefer analyze grammar as memorizing grammar rules is easier for them than producing real language.The participants of the study are 12 students who were chosen on a voluntary basis. There are 8 females and 4 males. They are 15-16 years old and this is their third year at the school.2.2 Design of the studyThe study is a combination of pre-experimental and qualitative research design. It is pre-experimental because there is no control group. Due to curricular issues, participants were not assigned as the Experimental Group and the Control Group during the study. Therefore, only the impact on the experimental group was measured.The study contains elements of both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. soft data was obtained from students reflective journals, semi-structured interviews with students, and a colleagues observation notes on the study. Quantitative data was obtained from the attitude questionnaire which was applied before and after the treatment.2.3 InstrumentationIn this study four types of instruments were used for data collection. These instruments are attitude questionnaire towards speaking English, students reflective journals, semi-structured interviews with participants and a colleagues observation notes.The attitude questionnaire was developed by Kl (2009). It was designed to explore what an individuals attitude towards speaking English. The questionnaire has 30 phrases and designed as a five likert scale (1=strongly discord, 2= disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). This scale was applied before the treatment as a pre-test and after the treatment as a post-test.At the end of each creative drama session the students were asked to write in their reflective journals about that session. They were provided with some guideline questions and asked to write in their journals in a way to answer those questions. The questions areWhat did you learn in this session?What did you feel in this session?Was it different from your other English classes?Which three talking to would you choose to describe this session?Do you think you could express yourself in English? In which activity?Would you like to attend more creative drama sessions? Why?The main purpose for keeping journals was to collect data about students feelings and opinions about the session in order to find out how the session affected their attitude towards speaking English. Participants were allowed to write in Turkish as the priority is to reach their ideas and feelings rather than eval uating their language competence.At the end of the creative drama program two randomly selected students were interviewed with the aim of getting more information about how creative drama activities affected their attitude towards speaking English. They were asked open-ended questions related to the activities and their responses were recorded, transcribed and evaluated by the researcher. The questions asked in the interview areWhat do you think about creative drama?Do you think creative drama sessions are beneficial for you?Can you compare the English lessons in the classroom and the creative drama lessons?Would you like this program continue?What would happen if this program continued?In order to decline the level of researcher subjectivity, a colleague was invited to observe one of the creative drama sessions. She was kindly asked to take notes during the session and share those notes with the researcher.ProceduresNecessary allowance was taken from the school management in orde r to conduct the study at school. It was announced to the intermediate level students that there would be a 4-week study about English teaching. Twelve students were chosen on a voluntary basis. Since the study was going to be carried out after the school, their parents were asked to sign a form which showed that they were willing to let their children participate in the study. The room for the sessions was determined and prepared for creative drama activities by placing comfortable seats, cushions and costumes. in the beginning the first session the pre-test (the attitude questionnaire towards speaking English) was administered to the participants to identify their attitudes towards speaking English. They were also provided with guideline questions for their reflective journals. The participants were exposed to the creative drama program for 4 weeks. The program was planned as 3 hours each week. Therefore, it consisted of 12 hours in total. The participants were requested to write about their opinions and feelings in their reflective journals by following(a) the guidelines after each session. A colleague was invited to observe the third weeks session. The post-test (attitude questionnaire towards speaking English) was administered to the participants reporting their attitude towards speaking English at the end of the creative drama program. Interviews were conducted with four randomly selected participants at the end of the treatment. The findings gathered from the instruments were analyzed and compared to see the impact of the treatment.III. DATA ANALYSIS3.1 ResultsIn this section, the analysis of the data obtained from the pre-test and post-test of attitude questionnaire of the participants will be presented.3.1.1 Results of attitude questionnairesThe attitude questionnaire was applied twice during the research study. It was firstly applied before the treatment as pre-test and then secondly at the end of the treatment as post-test. It was applied before an d after the treatment in order to reveal whether there is any effect of creative drama on enhancing positive attitude or not. This questionnaire was formed by using Likert Scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree). The results of these tests were analyzed through Statistical tract for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 20.0, in this programme Paired Samples T-test was used in order to reveal whether drama activities affect the learners attitude towards learning English in a positive way or not.Pre-test Results of the ParticipantsPre-test ResultsTable 1 specificStrongly agreeAgreeNeutralDisagreeStrongly disagree1.I have difficulty speaking English.005522.I am afraid of making mistakes.234213.I dont want to speak English.0100114.Lack of grammar knowledge inhibits my speaking.012455.Lack of vocabulary inhibits my speaking.132426.I can speak English fluently.046207.I feel nervous while speaking English.322238.I forget what to say when I am nervous.22 4139.Lack of correct pronunciation inhibits my speaking.1142410.Lack of knowledge inhibits my speaking.0119111.I cant express my ideas.1137012.I cant understand what others say.1103713.I dont know how to study to speak English.0023714.Because of my teachers negative attitude.00101115.I think nobody will understand me while speaking.0113716.I think in Turkish.1124317.Because my friends are teasing me for my mistakes.00011118.Other students are better at speaking English.2110819.I am afraid of not being understood by others.1124420.I think I have no ability in learning a foreign language.00111021.I cant remember the English meaning of words while speaking.0263122.I think my teacher isnt interested in what I am saying.00001223.I dont have to speak English in class.1041524.My friends tell what I think before me.0324325.I cant realize the mistakes I have done while speaking English.1015526.I prefer learning grammar structures rather than speaking English.0016527.I cant use information processing system because I dont know English.00011128.I cant surf the Internet.01001129.I cant watch movies in English.1102830.I cant read newspapers or magazines in English.55200Table 1 summarizes the participants responses to the items in the questionnaire which demonstrate their attitude towards learning English before the treatment.Post-test Results of the participantsPost-test ResultsTable 2 distributor pointStrongly agreeAgreeNeutralDisagreeStrongly disagree1. I have difficulty speaking English.112532.I am afraid of making mistakes.130353.I dont want to speak English.11

What Is Necessary To Be A Hero?

What Is unavoidable To Be A Hero?How would the world be, with bug out those bulk who argon constantly doing any(prenominal) issue to admirer others. They argon c all(prenominal)ed hoagyes. Heroes atomic number 18 individuals who demonstrate bravery and altruism for superior and virtuous good of graciouss when they argon in risk. A grinder is also some ane who fuel provide his or her existence to hoi polloi. Although the invention is related with ferocity, a hit man is defined as someone with honourable brilliance. It is easy to handstion several examples of heroes since the beginning of history, but the important thing is that they sh atomic number 18 some features, which posit them different from the rest of state. However, thither are some people who think that heroes are just in movies or myths and that they look like athletes or interpretors (http//www.studymode.com/essays/Characteristics-Hero-58475.html), but the fame or the aptitude are not the characteristi cs that make a psyche be a hero. on that point are three basic characteristics of a hero the pass judgment and lordliness of human smell, the faith in self and his or her fulfils, and courage which feces confront whatever comes.thither are some heroes that are cognize as noble and that bewilder a wonderful effect on people, much(prenominal) as Mahata Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Most heroes are just normal people that come from family, neighbors, and the community, but something important more or less heroes is that they regard human life. Heroes reckon human life because they believe care of peoples lives, and are unceasingly bit for peoples rights to give them the life that they deserve.Heroes expose their life for people and they like to take care of people. They also dedicate their life to make others lives better, since they think that peoples lives are important. They risk their life for others. All these things make their passion for people obvious. Heroes al bureaus want to get peoples rights. This kind of problem always happens if they are amidst people and a high position or organization such as a government or people who work with the government. There is an example of that kind of heroes Martin Luther King. He do the Africa Ameri ordures get their rights. He made them get their freedom. Finally, he achieved his goal.In all, heroes are the hardest times and difficult situations. They respect human life because they cut that it deserves it, and that human life is a value or an important gift. They care about people and they also help people get their rights. Everything in human life has advantages and disadvantages. to a fault, people set which they choose. Sometimes heroes help people be in good make up ones mind or get new receiptledge.Nowa mean solar daylights, people pay more heed to heroes because heroes are always doing adventures to draw peoples attention. It place be easy to natter that heroes are not regular indivi duals, since they are not able to do what heroes can do. There are a lot of heroes that are unfeignedly famous in this time, for example Iron Man and Spider Man. pile believe that they are different and that anyone can be like them because they are not current individuals.People know a lot of things about heroes, but some people think that they are able to be like them and this is impossible because what heroes do is out of imagination and nobody can do it. For example, Spider man is called a hero because he can go up the high buildings and fly in the air without injuries. However, people have to know and believe they cannot do what they watch on the T.V. In contrast, a individual can be a hero to someone, or society. People get out like the person if he or she is a hero to the whole society.There are some different kinds of heroes that customary people look up to, but in a gracious sort of way, like fire biters and police. In some circumstances, they need to risk their lives to deliver someone else. The important thing to remember is that existence a hero is something that starts from the heart. Moreover, bothone dreams of being a superhero. However, as they get older, people will run a violate that they do not possess the supernatural powers of Spiderman or Batmans primo save up of gadgets. And also they notice the absence of the kind of otherworldly arch nemeses that aversion a comic book heroes in the real world.The idea of being a hero is gradually as put one overs stuff, but while evildoers whitethorn not appear in the real world painted up as sadistic cl suffers, the world has never ceased its need for larger-than-life men willing to come to help those in danger and stand up for what is right. To sum up, people have to read more about heroes to know what happened around them and to know what has to believe. Heroes always do something different from others in shape to become more and more famous.Heroism means a person who is always actin g to protect other individuals or society in a special way, even though this kind of behavior will risk a persons life. Depending on its nature, fortitude requires personal courage, both physical and mental.A traditional hero often risks death or injury. The defiance of death becomes one of the accepted signs of heroism as a way to get peoples attention. A hero may lose his or her life when enhancing others welfare. Actually, the hero considers that the purpose is more important than the risk of death or injury (162). Even though in this century, when saving others, a hero sometimes should face the injury and death. Thus, it is necessary to say heroism require courage. The physical courage enables the hero to face the difficulties and to do the preparation of surrendering their own comfort in order to achieve their goals.The mental courage of a hero wants him or her to know the accepted truths and yet not be limited by them. In a fairy tale, a barbarian says loudly that the empe ror wears no clothes just because of innocence, not courage. However, heroic men are aware of the danger and still want to make people recognize the truth. For them, it is not enough for people to think traditionally and they choose to let the public understand clearly (163).The heroic act may be against the habits and customs of the society. Disagreement is inevitable although supporters do not happily welcome opposition. A hero needs mental cleverness to keep energy and talent when facing personal loss, difficulties or disapproval. ostracism or expulsion will take place. Obviously, a hero may be lonely and sometimes cannot get the recognition or rise (163). Courage helps a hero overcome the loneliness, regard the disagreement and campaign in pursuing his or her goals. Thus, it is almost unnecessary to say that heroism requires courage, both physical and mental.After see these characteristics that are typical or the digested about heroes, there are several characteristics that the real heroes have. As is it mentioned before heroes are not just those ones that we can see in movies, myths, and other fabulous stories. The concept of a hero is more than that, since a hero can be anyone. There are various characteristics that real heroes have, within these are that heroes are affect, unknown, normal and conventional, they become heroes by confronting difficulties, they fight for others, and they have no fear.Almost in all the heroic acts people is amazed and surprised by the shocking and unexpected brave action of someone that seemed normal. This is another characteristic of a hero, anyone expect her or his actions, and anyone expect the problem neither. For instance, there is a group of scholars taking their daily classes, when they are surprised by a huge earthquake, and there is one student who takes the decision to help and save to her or his peers. This is an unexpected action, made it by a normal person, who became a hero in a surprising way.Sometime s people expected good actions or get to know to those famous heroes or super heroes, but heroes can be unfamiliar or unknown persons. Not all the heroes are in the movies, magazines or something more credible like paper. The majority of heroes are lack of fame, because not all of them tell to everyone the good actions that they did before.Heroes are normal and common people. How umpteen times did someone see to Spider man or Batman doing something for a child in trouble, or helping to a senior to cross the street? A hero is someone who is doing something good for others, so all the good actions that most of people can see every day are made by heroes. These heroes can be found day to day, no matter if the actions are very little or orotund and famous, but the real heroes are normal people.If there is no danger or something wrong is not necessary to do something good or to turn a normal person into a hero. Heroes convert into a hero during a situation that demands it. For instanc e there are a lot of people sleeping at 100am in one of the dormitories, and there is a fire, someones roommate is not able to go out of the dorm so her or his peer decide to help her or him to go out before something bad happened. Another example can be when sometimes there is a kid into the pool play without parents attention and the lifeguard is distracted by other things, while the kid is drowning in the pool, but there is a normal guy who is bordering and when he see this, he decide to save the kid immediately. Without these arch situations either the good roommate or the guy cannot turn into a hero. Even though these heroic actions are not on the newspaper or on the television, there are two persons benefited by them.Also heroes have an original perspective that make them different from othersAs mentioned before, there are several examples of different kinds of heroes and also different concepts of them. However, there is a convergence between them, and it is that all of th em share the same values and attitudes include in their features. All heroes start to do their good actions because they are by and large encouraged by the value and dignity of human life, since they know that human life is worthy and they completely understand that because it is always oriented to do something to value human life. Another characteristic of heroes is the faith in themselves and their actions otherwise, they cannot have the courage to do those unbelievable and brave actions. Thus, with confidence any person can do something for their lives or others lives. Although the heroes that we know have done some incredible actions, every person has inside a hero who has the exponent to confront the difficult situations that he or she has to go through every day with courage, respecting others and doing all the actions with faith (http//www.personalitytutor.com/qualities-of-a-hero.html).